8. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
(A) decreasing the activation energy.
(B) decreasing the amount of free energy released.
(C) increasing the activation energy.
(D) increasing the amount of free energy released.
(E) increasing the energy of the transition state.

1. Which of the following statements regarding the general concepts of metabolism is true? (A) once glucose is converted to pyruvate, there is no way to convert pyruvate back to glucose (B) when triacylglycerols are used as fuel, only the fatty acids can be metabolized, the glycerol is a waste product (C) all 20 common amino acids can be made from metabolites derived from the citric acid (or TCA) cycle (D) the citric acid (or TCA) cycle is generally considered an anabolic pathway while gluconeogenesis is generally considered a catabolic pathway (E) none of the above

2. _________ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in catabolic pathways while _________ is commonly used as a reducing NADH  agent in anabolic pathways. (A) (B) (C) (D) FAD; FADH2 (E)

3. The transient association of lipid rafts is thought to play a significant role in which of the following? (A) cell signaling (B) bacterial entry into host cells (C) protein trafficking (D) membrane receptor dimerization (E) all of the above

4. When comparing the sequences of a peripheral membrane protein with an integral membrane protein, which of the following amino acids would most likely be present in a higher percentage in the integral membrane protein? (A) Asp (B) Leu (C) His (D) Ser (E) none of the above

5. Oseltamivir, also known as Tamiflu, is effective as an antiviral against the influenza virus due to its ability to block the action of which protein associated with the surface of the viral particle? (A) neuraminidase (B) hemagglutinin (C) M1 (D) M2 (E) none ofthe above

6. What range type(s) of electromagnetic radiation are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments to allow the reactions of photosynthesis to occur? (A) UV only (B) visible only (C) infrared only (D) UV and visible (E) visible and infrared

7. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and degrading it. This is an example of a(n): (A) exergonic change. (B) equilibrium state. (C) dynamic steady state. (D) free-energy change. (E) waste of energy.

9. Which of the following would be the correct Haworth projection for B-D-talose (linear form is shown on the left)? (A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d (E) none of the above

10. Cholesterol is synthesized from: (A) acetyl-CoA. (B) choline. (C) lipoic acid. (D) malate. (E) oxalate.

11. An intermediate of purine degradation in humans is: (A) glutamate. (B) (C) succinate. (D) urea. (E) uric acid.

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