16.Which of the following elements is NOT included in Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis?
(A) Anxiety.
(B) Motivation.
(C) Self-confidence.
(D) Aptitude.

Krashen的五個語言假說：

1.      自然學習／後天學習假說（The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis）──有意識地把握語言規則（即後天學習），並不能學會語言，語言是無意識的獲得過程（即自然學習狀態）。

2.      監視器假說（The Monitor Hypothesis）─我們可回憶後天所習得的語言知識來校正語言，這是有意識的後天學習之唯一功能。

3.      自然規律假說（The Natural Order Hypothesis）──文法結構的學習過程有一定的規律，因此在學習第二語言時，犯某些錯誤是自然的發展過程。

4.      輸入假說（The Input Hypothesis）──人在面臨比自己語言能力稍高一級的語言（I + 1階）時，其自然學習狀況最佳。

5.  情緒濾鏡假說（The Affective Filter Hypothesis）──學習者的情緒或態度就像濾鏡一樣，

      對學習的輸入狀態影響至大。其中有三因素：（１）動機(motivation)（２）自信(self-

      confidence)（３）焦慮感(anxiety)
資料出處： http://www.mcu.edu.tw/department/edugra/ematerial/fang_ji_hwa/01/07NA.doc

the fifth hypothesis, the Affective Filter hypothesis, embodies Krashen's view that a number of 'affective variables' play a facilitative, but non-causal, role in second language acquisition. These variables include: motivation, self-confidence and anxiety. Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition. Low motivation, low self-esteem, and debilitating anxiety can combine to 'raise' the affective filter and form a 'mental block' that prevents comprehensible input from being used for acquisition. In other words, when the filter is 'up' it impedes language acquisition. On the other hand, positive affect is necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place. 引文出處:http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html

Hypothesis假說 (A) Anxiety焦慮. (B) Motivation.刺激/積極性 (C) Self-confidence.自信 (D) Aptitude.傾向/天資/恰當